James Webb Space Telescope: Successor of Hubble Space Technology

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST or "Webb") is a space Telescope  that will be the successor to the Hubble space Telescope.The JWST will provide greatly improved resolution and sensitivity over the Hubble, and will enable a broad range of investigations across the fields of astronomy and cosmology.cos of its major goals is observing some of the most distant events and objects in the universe, such as the formation of the first galaxy. These types of targets are beyond the reach of current ground- and space-based instruments. Other goals include understanding the formation of Stars and planets, and direct imaging of exoplanets and novas.

NASA's James Webb Space Telescope, scheduled for launch in 2021, will probe the cosmos to uncover the history of the universe from the Big Bang to alien planet formation and beyond. It will focus on four main areas: first light in the universe, assembly of galaxies in the early universe, birth of stars and protoplanetary systems, and planets (including the origins of life.)

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will launch on an Ariane 5 rocket from French Guiana, then take 30 days to fly a million miles to its permanent home: a Lagrange point, or a gravitationally stable location in space. It will orbit around L2, a spot in space near Earth that lies opposite from the sun. This has been a popular spot for several other space telescopes, including the Herschel Space Telescope and the Planck Space Observatory.

The powerful $8.8 billion spacecraft is also expected to take amazing photos of celestial objects like its predecessor, the Hubble Space Telescope. Luckily for astronomers, the Hubble Space Telescope remains in good health and it's probable that the two telescopes will work together for JWST's first years. JWST will also look at exoplanets that the Kepler Space Telescope found, or follow up on real-time observations from ground space telescopes.

5 Fact about Parker Solar Probe

The Parker solar probe will be the first spcecraft sent to understand the nature and behaviour of stars.

1.1.Park solar probe: First mission to be named after living person

The latest spacecraft launched by NASA is also its first to be named after a living person. The Parker solar probe gets its name from physicist Eugene Parker, who provided concepts to the energy generating capabilities of stars. Parker, who served at the University of Chicago’s Fermi Institute, was among the first persons to coin the term ‘solar wind’, which he described as the cascade of energy emitted by the Sun.

His theories explain the existence of solar wind, which constitutes a combination of charged particles, as well as electric and magnetic fields. In addition, he had postulated that the Sun’s outermost atmosphere, was hotter than the surface itself. Many of Parker’s findings have been used to establish modern theories related to the nature and behaviour of stars.

2.First Step:Venus!                                      Parker Solar Probe is headed for the Sun, but it's flying by Venus along the way. This isn't to see the sights — Parker will perform a gravity assist at Venus to help draw its orbit closer to the Sun. Unlike most gravity assists, Parker will actually slow down, giving some orbital energy to Venus, so that it can swing closer to the Sun.One's not enough, though. Parker Solar Probe will perform similar maneuvers six more times throughout its seven-year mission!
3.Closer to the Sun than ever before              At its closest approach toward the end of its seven-year prime mission, Parker Solar Probe will swoop within 3.83 million miles of the solar surface. That may sound pretty far, but think of it this way: If you put Earth and the Sun on opposite ends of an American football field, Parker Solar Probe would get within four yards of the Sun's end zone. The current record-holder was a spacecraft called Helios 2, which came within 27 million miles, or about the 30 yard line. Mercury orbits at about 36 million miles from the Sun.

4.NASA Parker solar probe: Energy detecting instruments on board

This will consist of four instruments, that are expected to throw light on the behaviour of the Sun. FIELDS is one of the instruments, which is an array of five 2m-long antennas. Each of these will be able to withstand hight temperatures, and estimate the electric and magnetic fields of the star.

FIELDS will take measurements by dipping into the Sun’s atmosphere, to record readings of the total flux (combination of electric and magnetic fields) at different distances from the Sun’s surface. The phenomenon of solar wind deals with the ejection of large quantities of energy, that changes the behaviour of the Sun as well as the planets of the solar system, including Earth.

WISPR is the only imaging tool included in the Parker probe. It will help estimate masses like coronal ejections and other projectiles, while blocking out light from the Sun’s surface for visualisation. These are expected to help estimate the size of its atmosphere, and help explain the nature of radiation that emerges. WISPR consists of two cameras with radiation-hardened Active Pixel Sensor complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) detectors.

5.Parker solar probe: Radiation analysis and mapping instruments on board

Solar Wind Electrons Alphas and Protons unit, or SWEAP, will help analyse the particles that can be found in solar winds. The instrument setup is also supported by a Solar Probe Cup (SPC) and Solar Probe Analysers (SPAN), which will also measure the velocity, density, and temperature of the components of coronal plasma SPC can catch charged particles in a vacuum, and estimate the nature of particles from collector plates.

The other component, SPAN is made up of two sensors: SPAN-A and SPAN-B. Both of these will map the movement of electrons into space, to create a mapping of the solar wind movements.

The last of these, called Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun (ISʘIS), helps identify particles that move away from the Sun, and identify the energies of each of them across different sections of interplanetary space. The task of detecting particles with different energies is divided between two sensors: EPI-Lo (for lower energy particles) and EPI-Hi (for higher energy particles) [EPI stands for Energy Particle Instrument].

How Maglev Train Runs over the track ???

A few countries are using powerful electromagnets to develop high-speed trains, called maglev trains. Maglev is short for magnetic levitation, which means that these trains will float over a guideway using the basic principles of magnets to replace the old steel wheel and track trains. In this article, you will learn how electromagnetic propulsion works, how three specific types of maglev trains work and where you can ride one of these trains.

A brief review of magnets will help explain how maglev (magnetic levitation) trains work. Every magnet has a north pole and a south pole. Similar poles of two magnets repel each other; opposite poles attract each other. These principles govern the levitation of maglev trains.

Permanent magnets are always magnetic. Electromagnets are magnetic only when an electric current flows through them. The north and south poles of an electromagnet are related to the direction of the current. If the direction of the current is reversed, the poles are reversed.

In maglevs that levitate by magnetic repulsion, the train lies over the guideway. Magnets on top of the guideway are oriented to repel similar poles of magnets in the bottom of the maglev. This pushes the train upward into a hovering position. This system is designed for maglevs that contain groups of extremely powerful superconducting electromagnets. These magnets use less electricity than conventional electromagnets, but they must be cooled to very low temperatures—from −269 degrees Celsius to −196 degrees Celsius.

In maglevs that levitate by magnetic attraction, the bottom of the train wraps around the guideway. Levitation magnets on the underside of the guideway are positioned to attract the opposite poles of magnets on the wraparound section of the maglev. This raises the train off the track. The magnets in the guideway attract the wraparound section only strongly enough to raise the train a few centimeters into a “floating” position. The wraparound section does not touch the guideway. (Imagine a C-shaped bracelet floating around your wrist without touching it.)

How Self Driving Car Work???

It’s no secret that in just a few years, our cars will be able to take us wherever we want to while we relax. That could potentially enhance our quality of life considerably. It may sound fictional or imaginary, but the autonomous vehicle revolution is underway. The fact that self-driving cars have already started being produced is quite impressive.

Many cars today are actually semi-autonomous already. Some have features like self-parking. Completely autonomous cars are entering the scene. Tesla has already started selling autonomous solutions, and Google is planning to drop an autonomous vehicle product line on the market by 2020.

How Do Self-Driving Cars Work?

1:IoT Sensors

There are many types of sensors available today that make autonomous cars a reality. Sensors for blind-spot monitoring, forward collision warning, radar, camera, LIDAR, and ultrasonic all work together to make navigation of a self-driving car possible.

2: IoT Connectivity

Self-driving cars use cloud computing to act upon traffic data, weather, maps, adjacent cars, and surface conditions among others. This helps them monitor their surroundings better and make informed decisions. Self-driving cars must be connected to the internet even if edge computing hardware can solve small computing tasks locally.

3: Software Algorithms

All the data the car collects needs to be analyzed to determine the best course of action. This is the main function of the control algorithms and software. This is the most complex part of the self-driving car since it has to make decisions flawlessly. A “flaw,” like in Uber’s self-driving accident, can be fatal.

What's New on Google New Fuchsia Operating System

Fuchsia is a capability-based operating system currently being developed by Google. It first became known to the public when the project appeared on GitHub in August 2016 without any official announcement. In contrast to prior Google-developed operating systems such as Chrome OS and Android, which are based on the Linux kernel, Fuchsia is based on a new microkernel called "Zircon".                    Andrios  and Chrome OS may be Google’s best-known software ventures, but the company is actually working on a third operating system. It’s called Fuchsia, and when it was first discovered in 2017, it only popped up as a single command line. Now, however, we know a lot more about the operating system.

Fuchsia looks totally different than any other mobile operating system we’ve seen, including Android, but that could be the point. The fact is that there’s currently a ton of mystery surrounding the operating system. We don’t know what it’s for, if it’s aimed at eventually replacing Android, if it’s just an experiment by Google, or when we should expect to see the new OS at Google I/O.

Fuchsia's user interface and apps are written with Flutter, a software development kitallowing cross-platform development abilities for Fuchsia, Android and iOS. Flutter produces apps based on Dart, offering apps with high performance that run at 120 frames per second. Flutter also offers a Vulkan-based graphics rendering engine called "Escher", with specific support for "Volumetric soft shadows", an element that Ars Technica wrote "seems custom-built to run Google's shadow-heavy 'Material Design' interface guidelines". This OS is even used in the driverless car by Google.

Due to the Flutter software development kit offering cross-platform opportunities, users are able to install parts of Fuchsia on Android devices. Ars Technica noted that, while users could test Fuchsia, nothing "works", adding that "it's all a bunch of placeholder interfaces that don't do anything", though finding multiple similarities between Fuchsia's interface and Android, including a Recent Apps screen, a Settings menu, and a split-screen view for viewing multiple apps at once.

Pratyush: India's Fastest Supercomputer

India unveiled its fastest super computer Pratyush in Pune, which is also first of its kind in India, with multi-petaflops processing speed.

Specialties of  pratyush:

Up until now, India's computing capacity stood at 1.0 PF (petaflops), but with the commencement of Pratyush, the supercomputing prowess of the nation will reach 6.8 PF. PF or Petaflops is a measure of the processing speed of computer.

As reported by The Hindu, "With the new system, it would be possible to map regions in India at a resolution of 3 km and the globe at 12 km."

Uses:

• The super computer Pratyush will be used for weather forecasts, making the process better than ever

• It will be used majorly for monsoons and extreme weather events including the tsunamis, cyclones, draught, flood and earthquakes

• The computer will also be used to facilitate the reading of air quality, lightning, fishing along with hot and cold waves

It is also worth mentioning that Pratyush would be the fourth fastest super computer in the world used for weather forecast.

Gaganyaan:10 fact about India's first manned mission

1.The mission will be formally launched by 2022, and if it is successful, India will become the fourth nation after the USA, Russia and China, to send a human to space.
2.The crew module, in which the three astronauts will leave for space, will be made of 3.7-metre diameter and seven-metre height.

3.The human spaceflight will take 16 minutes to reach the orbit where it will stay for five to seven days.
4.The spacecraft will be placed in a low earth orbit of 300-400 km.
5.The capsule will rotate around the Earth every 90 minutes, and astronauts will be able to witness sunrise and sunset. The three astronauts will be able to see India from space every 24 hours, while they conduct experiments on micro-gravity.

6.Isro will receive assistance from the French space agency CNES, in terms of expertise various fields including space medicine, astronaut health monitoring, radiation protection and life support.
7.According to G Madhavan Nair, former Isro chief: The mission will enable ISRO to achieve higher levels of reliability in launch and satellite technology. It will help in providing employment to 15,000 people and out of them, 861 will be from Isro.

8.For its return, the capsule will take 36 hours, and will land in the Arabian Sea, just off the coast of Gujarat.
9.Thus far, ISRO has spent Rs 173 crore to develop critical technologies to send humans into space. This idea was first mooted in 2008 but left in cold storage due to the global economic crisis and other technology-related setbacks for ISRO.
10.During his speech on August 15, Prime Minister Modi proudly claimed that “an Indian son or daughter” will carry the national flag on this trip.